The Waterborne Symposium 2025

Abstract

Grinding pigments and fillers using cowles dissolver is a standard practice for breaking down agglomerates and aggregates into primary particles during the production of waterborne paints, especially architectural paints. Serrated disc introduced at the appropriate peripheral speed forces a specific flow in the vessel, which causes the agglomerated particles to rub against each other and collide with each other. The wetting and dispersing additive introduced to this process is supposed to build a double electrical layer according to the DVLO theory, but this is only a theory that has little to do with practice. Of course, the theory of wetting, significant zeta potential and other properties of dispersing additives are true, but their correct use in mill-base formulations and further influence on the parameters of the grinding process itself and the parameters of the paints depends solely on the effectively found dose and balance between mill-base concentration allowing grinding at low viscosity and maximum solids loading, without adding any rheology additives during grinding. The paper discusses examples of grinding of various pigments and fillers used in architectural paints and discusses how to properly balance the ingredients and the grinding process to achieve the lowest possible viscosity, low energy consumption and donut-shaped flow, without using rheological additives that prevent proper grinding and breaking down of pigments and fillers into primary particles. It also presents how to properly control the mill-base slurries obtained after the grinding process and how to combine them with latex polymer dispersions in the let-down process to obtain stable architectural paints.

Co-Authors:
Alann O. P. Bragatto, Suzy S. Alves, Bruno S. Dario

Abstract
"The selection of wetting and dispersing agents in pigment concentrate formulations is a non-trivial task. The vast array of available products and technologies, coupled with a frequent lack of adequate technical information, makes the formulator’s job extensive, intricate, time-consuming, and inefficient due the lack of rationalization in the use of these additives. These factors created a barrier to innovative and more sustainable products since the work required to screen new additives became an art instead of a science.
The present study aims to demonstrate how the use, development, and implementation of physicochemical methodologies, combined with digital tools and high throughput screening, can generate highly useful data for formulators in the additive selection and formula optimization process, making it faster, smarter, and more efficient.
The first and most comprehensive part of the work illustrates how physicochemical techniques and parameters applied to surfactants can be utilized in the selection of wetting and dispersing agents. It is demonstrated the correlation between static surface tension, dynamic surface tension, wetting time, contact angle, and free adsorption energy with performance and process properties in pigment concentrate formulations, such as deflocculation curves, process time, tinting strength, rub-out, and stability.
The second part of the work is focused on the development of a method to create adsorption isotherms and on their use. This data is extremely valuable as it allows for comparisons between additives from different technologies even when the chemical structure is unknown. The study demonstrated how the curves and parameters obtained from this technique can help formulators understand which additive has higher affinity for a given pigment, aiding in the selection of dispersing agents with higher potential to provide good performance and longer stability. Additionally, this methodology helped understanding the versatility of the additive, clarifying whether the same molecule could be used with different types of pigments. The results from the adsorption isotherms were correlated with the stability, tinting strength, and rub-out of the pigment concentrates.
The final part of the work aims to apply Hansen solubility parameters (HSP) to evaluate the compatibility of wetting or dispersing agents with pigments. The current focus is on using high throughput screening to determine the HSP values of a variety of wetting and dispersing agents – such as surfactants and polymerics with or without charges. After the parameters of the additives and the pigments of interest are obtained, formulators could use these data to simulate the interaction between the additive and the pigment, enabling the selection of the most promising candidates for experimental evaluation. The last goal of the work is to provide initial data on the HSP parameters determination and compatibility simulations to then correlate with experimental performance data of pigment concentrates, such as tinting strength, rub-out, and stability. Once the correlation is proven, this methodology will allow a quick determination of parameters without requiring knowledge of product’s composition and will aid the development of better coating formulation."

Co-Author: James Rawlins

Abstract

The effective mitigation of corrosion through the application of protective coatings is of paramount importance, impacting both economic and safety outcomes.  Historically, the detection of coating failure and the ensuing corrosion has largely depended on visual inspection and destructive testing methods, which do not adequately predict onset or service lifetimes.  Current methods also lack correlation to specific polymer characteristics that govern corrosion resistance.  This research introduces a novel, nondestructive method that combines Electrochemical Frequency Modulation (EFM) and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM).  By studying epoxy-amine coatings through a range of tailored glass transition temperatures (Tgs), ranging from high (269 °C) to sub-ambient (4 °C), these research results work contributes to the predictive modeling of coating lifetimes and advances our understanding of the relationship between polymer properties and performance in mitigating corrosion.
Previously, we have shown that the more hydrophilic a crosslinker was, the faster micro-blister formation around a predefined defect occurred.  Micro-blister with delay times varied from 47.5 to 5.5 hours for coatings with increasing hydrophilicity.¹  These results showed that a coating with a Dry Film Thickness (DFT) of 45 μm reduced micro-blistering and exhibited slower corrosion rates compared to the same materials at 5 μm DFT. These results emphasized the role of mechanical beam integrity and corrosion resistance and confirmed that coatings that limit swelling in water and delay physical state changes during immersion were dramatically better at reducing corrosion activity. Example, a coating designed with a high glass transition temperature (Tg) of 269 °C showed less than 3% swelling under all conditions and preserved mechanical properties, including a storage modulus of 2416 MPa, after exposure to corrosive environments. The results indicate that strengthening the mechanical robustness and reduced swelling and physical state changes (such as from glassy to rubbery) for a given coating during exposure are crucial for corrosion control and substrate protection.

Abstract

Lightweight, mechanically robust materials capable of high thermal transport and minimal electrical interference are critical for the protection of sensitive high power electrical systems. Polymer composites are an excellent materials solution for protection of such electrical components however their development is met with multiple challenges. For example, polymer-particle interactions, processability, thermal properties, innate particle properties, viscosity, dielectric properties and composite morphology are only a few considerations for material screening. Boron nitride (BN), a thermally conductive low-density ceramic, is a reasonable additive to develop polymer composite solutions due to its inability to conduct electrons and minimal impact on component weight. On the other hand, the polymer carrier material for such ceramic particles is equally important in the development of novel functional materials. The design versatility of benzoxazine (BOX) monomers and polymer precursors offer endless opportunities to tune matrix properties and particle-polymer interactions as well as processing methods. Herein we will discuss key considerations for optimal composite performance, current challenges and limitations toward the development of new materials to fulfill an industry need through the lens of BOX/BN polymer matrix composites.

Abstract

"Waterborne polyurethane dispersions (PUDs) are renowned for their exceptional film-forming ability, toughness, and flexibility. However, they are often challenged by poor water resistance and higher production costs. Polyurethane/acrylic hybrid resins offer a balanced, cost-effective solution, combining the strengths of both PUDs and acrylics. These hybrid systems provide enhanced mechanical properties alongside superior water and chemical resistance, making them an ideal choice for high-performance coatings.

This presentation highlights the development of an innovative polyurethane/acrylic hybrid waterborne resin designed to meet both environmental and high-performance requirements. Synthesized in the absence of added solvents, this resin allows for coatings to be formulated at low VOC levels while still offering a balance of hardness, flexibility, and favorable coalescence properties, making it an ideal binder for applications with stringent environmental constraints. Free from amines, the resin also addresses concerns over amine-related issues such as migration and yellowing, while enhancing overall formulation stability. The resin also exhibits good solvent resistance and excellent adhesion to a wide variety of substrates, including metals, plastics, and woods, making it suitable for diverse industrial applications."

Abstract

The paint and coating market for kitchen cabinets, trim, and doors focuses on products designed to enhance the appearance and durability of wood and other commonly used materials. These coatings must meet stringent performance standards, including early block resistance, surfactant leaching resistance, body lotion resistance, and scrub resistance. Traditionally, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) additives have been used to improve block resistance. However, due to increasing regulatory restrictions on these hazardous substances, there is a growing need for alternative solutions. This paper explores the current market landscape for kitchen cabinets, trim, and doors, and discusses our recent sustainability efforts to develop innovative waterborne acrylic latex binders specifically designed for these applications. We will also discuss general strategies to enhance key properties, including early block resistance, surfactant leaching resistance, and body lotion resistance.

Abstract

"Every manufacturer is hearing about the “Industrial Internet of Things” (IIoT) or Industry 4.0 and, of course, Artificial Intelligence (AI) – and their promise to revolutionize how we make products.  So, if you ask any expert, “What parameters should I actually be controlling?” you’ll often get a quick “All of them!” answer.  But that’s a cop-out.  It’s easy, but not practical.
The fact is, despite the proliferation of sensing technologies that have endowed us with the ability to monitor virtually every aspect of our environment and process, implementing these comes with a cost. It’s not just about the sensors themselves. It’s also about the supporting network. And the processing. And the effort and energy costs. Unfortunately, these often get ignored during the upfront planning stages, and this can result in some significant surprises on the back end of the project.
Moreover, the hype and promise of AI has a powerful allure, which can only be realized if truly understood and carefully implemented – and when it comes to AI, data is king.
In short, it is essential to balance the cost and effort with the return. Nowhere is this more apparent than with the application of paints and coatings, which often involve the most expensive and energy intensive processes in the manufacturing plant.
In this presentation we will:
    define and contrast IIoT and Industry 4.0 and address their ramifications to modern manufacturers.
    discuss the potential for AI implementation in manufacturing and the requirements to make it successful.
    identify the properties that are essential to monitor at each point in the coating process.
    identify the properties that are essential to control at each point in the coating process.
 describe the best practice to implementing data collection and control to leverage the future of AI."

Abstract

Sustainable products are designed to minimize negative impacts on the environment while meeting the needs of consumers. By choosing sustainable products, reduction of waste, conservation of resources, and improved performance may be achieved while protecting the planet for future generations. It is important to consider not only the use of sustainable materials but also the overall environmental impact of the product, including its production, application, and end-of-life disposal. Using examples from sustainable resin development, many of the considerations for defining sustainability and in developing eco-friendly waterborne coatings such as copolymer handprint vs. footprint, biobased vs. mass balance, and cost effectiveness vs. improved performance will be presented and discussed.

Co-Authors:  Kaden Stevens, Jeff Aguinaga, Derek Patton, Brent Sumerlin, and Tristan Clemons

Abstract

Carbon fiber has been established as one of the most important structural materials of the 21st century because of its remarkably high strength to weight ratio. As such, carbon fiber has found a wide range of applications in sporting goods, aerospace, construction, and medical device industries. Currently, approximately 90% of carbon fibers are derived from polyacrylonitrile (PAN) precursors due to the superior tensile strength that can be achieved when processed effectively. Traditional PAN synthesis is achieved by employing free radical polymerization in solution or by emulsion, resulting in broad molecular weight distributions. Additionally, PAN is insoluble in its own monomer and requires toxic organic solvents such as dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide, or ethylene carbonate for both solution polymerization and wet spinning into white fibers. Controlled radical polymerization techniques have demonstrated that narrow molecular weight distributions can provide favorable rheological profiles for fiber spinning but suffer from low monomer conversions and struggle to achieve molecular weights necessary for producing high quality carbon fibers. In this study, we present an aqueous photoiniferter (aqPI) polymerization of acrylonitrile, achieving high molecular weights of PAN at high monomer conversions, with significantly faster kinetics, and greater control of polymer dispersity when compared to traditional approaches reported. Polymerization kinetics were determined by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and polymer molecular weight and dispersity (PDI) determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Residual zinc content was quantified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).